26.11.09
19.11.09
Easygoing Speciesism. Rights Violations: Are These Not the Oddest of Gifts?
Every year, at this time – the time of goodwill – I am assailed by radio and TV advertisements for an Irish charity called Bóthar. This organisation was started in 1989 in Limerick, Ireland, dedicated to sending dairy cows to Africa as "gifts" for poor people. Bóthar became project partners with Heifer International in the USA, and “Send A Cow” from Britain and in 1991 sent a first batch of 20 pregnant cows to Uganda.
What can animal advocates say in response to these shipments without appearing to live up to the "human hater" stereotype many are fond of trying to attach to us? Answers to that question are provided in an excellent podcast and 2006 blog entry by Colleen Patrick-Goudreau of Compassionate Cooks.
Once we begin to look critically at the idea of sending dairy cows (and goats) to Africa, much of it starts to unravel, even without subscribing to the animal rights view that this animal slave trade amounts to organised rights violations. Colleen Patrick-Goudreau highlights some of the problems thus
Indeed, Dr Julia Lee-Thorp and Dr Becky Rogers Ackermann, of the Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, in a piece entitled "Lactose Intolerance is Normal!," cite research that suggests that, "90-95% of black individuals and 20-25% of white individuals throughout the world" are lactose intolerant. Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann suggest that the global picture is very complex
They say that "general misconceptions" about the healthy associations of whole dairy milk "are widespread," and believe that such misconceptions, "probably have a lot to do with marketing and advertising campaigns." Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann may agree with Colleen Patrick-Goudreau's claim that, "The last thing a hungry child in Africa needs is the milk of a cow," explaining that
The really interesting question, for Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann, is why are some humans not lactose intolerant? In particular, "why are relatively few ‘white’ people - aka. of Western European origin - lactose intolerant?"
The answer, would you Adam and Eve it, is bound up with humans exploiting nonhuman animals, as Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann explain
Therefore, in Western Europe, "some populations began an evolutionary transition to lactose tolerance." In certain individuals, as a result of genetic change, "the enzyme allowing the digestion of milk sugar" continued to be produced throughout adult life, meaning that, "these individuals no longer lost their childhood lactose tolerance but carried it into adulthood." The upshot of all this is that lactase deficiency is low in Europe, in populations, "with a long history of dairy farming," while the highest levels of deficiency are in Asian populations, "who were not dairy farmers."
Interestingly, Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann say that low levels of lactose intolerance, "also occur in other populations that rely extensively on milk in their diet (like the Fulani of Western Africa, and it is believed, Khoi pastoralists of Southern Africa)."
A cynic may suggest that organisations like Bóthar are attempting to begin "an evolutionary transition to lactose tolerance" and to hell with the fact that many are lactose intolerant at the present time. Since symptoms of lactose intolerance include gas (wind), cramping, abdominal pain, nausea, bloating and diarrhoea, Colleen Patrick-Goudreau seems to be dead right: "The last thing a hungry child in Africa needs is the milk of a cow." Diarrhoea, for example, is a major problem in the "developing world." According to The World Health Organization, 3.5 million deaths a year are due to diarrhoea. 80% of such deaths occur in children under the age of five, and most occur in children between six months and three years of age.
Are these acts of "charity" nothing more than the development of another market, or just the result of homespun propaganda? After all, something as "wonderful" and generally "beneficial" as cow’s milk is something everyone should have access to – no?
And, so, do we human hating animal rights people have an alternative to this slave trade? We do, actually!, and Patrick-Goudreau writes, "I’m not suggesting we don’t help the hungry; what I’m suggesting is to do it in such a way that benefits EVERYONE and that doesn’t exploit ANYONE."
For example, she cites as "programs dedicated to providing solutions to hunger without exploiting animals," the Fruit Tree Planting Foundation, the Women’s Bean Project, Sustainable Harvest International, and notes that Animal Aid, "is supporting a tree-planting initiative in Kenya, which will provide fruit-bearing trees for local families. The aim is to help 100 families to plant 20 trees each, which will bear oranges, avocados, mangoes, and macadamia nuts, with a few additional trees for timber and firewood." We can also add Vegfam, and perhaps Trees for Life International, to that list.
If you know anyone planning to "help" humans by means of rights violations against nonhuman animals, perhaps you can tell them that there is a better way to assist the global poor.
What can animal advocates say in response to these shipments without appearing to live up to the "human hater" stereotype many are fond of trying to attach to us? Answers to that question are provided in an excellent podcast and 2006 blog entry by Colleen Patrick-Goudreau of Compassionate Cooks.
Once we begin to look critically at the idea of sending dairy cows (and goats) to Africa, much of it starts to unravel, even without subscribing to the animal rights view that this animal slave trade amounts to organised rights violations. Colleen Patrick-Goudreau highlights some of the problems thus
…environmental problems; economic problems, (raising animals for human consumption is expensive and inefficient); health problems (globalising our preventable diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes hardly seems charitable); and…the fact that two-thirds of non-Caucasians on the planet are lactose intolerant and cannot digest dairy.
Indeed, Dr Julia Lee-Thorp and Dr Becky Rogers Ackermann, of the Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, in a piece entitled "Lactose Intolerance is Normal!," cite research that suggests that, "90-95% of black individuals and 20-25% of white individuals throughout the world" are lactose intolerant. Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann suggest that the global picture is very complex
Many Asian populations, especially people from Far East, have rates of lactase deficiency approaching 100% [lactase is the enzyme that breaks down lactose]. Additionally, there are a few groups in Africa, such as the Fulani, who have relatively low rates of lactose intolerance (around 20-25 percent). Conversely, some European populations like the Swedes are almost completely lactose tolerant (apx. 4% deficiency)… The perception of lactose intolerance as a health problem is a rather narrow Western view.
They say that "general misconceptions" about the healthy associations of whole dairy milk "are widespread," and believe that such misconceptions, "probably have a lot to do with marketing and advertising campaigns." Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann may agree with Colleen Patrick-Goudreau's claim that, "The last thing a hungry child in Africa needs is the milk of a cow," explaining that
Human infants, like other mammals, receive nourishment from mother’s milk. Infants have an enzyme that allows milk sugar - lactose - to be digested. In most human populations, the manufacture of the lactase enzyme is "turned off" by around four years of age. The same is true of other mammals, [who] become lactose intolerant following weaning.
The really interesting question, for Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann, is why are some humans not lactose intolerant? In particular, "why are relatively few ‘white’ people - aka. of Western European origin - lactose intolerant?"
The answer, would you Adam and Eve it, is bound up with humans exploiting nonhuman animals, as Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann explain
Human beings only began to cultivate domestic grains and keep domestic animals relatively recently. Sheep and then cattle were first domesticated just over 10,000 years ago, in the Near East where the wild progenitors of these animals lived. Grains like wheat and barley were also domesticated at around this time. All of this took place through selective breeding - and consequent genetic manipulation - with humans in control. It brought about a quantum change in the way that people lived - they settled down, cultivated most of their food and populations began to grow. Not all of the change was for the better, as amongst other new problems humans also began to inherit diseases from their animals and from close proximity to large numbers of people (like TB and other infectious diseases - but that is another story!). The new way of life spread, along with the cattle, sheep and grains, reaching Western Europe a few millennia later.
Therefore, in Western Europe, "some populations began an evolutionary transition to lactose tolerance." In certain individuals, as a result of genetic change, "the enzyme allowing the digestion of milk sugar" continued to be produced throughout adult life, meaning that, "these individuals no longer lost their childhood lactose tolerance but carried it into adulthood." The upshot of all this is that lactase deficiency is low in Europe, in populations, "with a long history of dairy farming," while the highest levels of deficiency are in Asian populations, "who were not dairy farmers."
Interestingly, Lee-Thorp and Rogers Ackermann say that low levels of lactose intolerance, "also occur in other populations that rely extensively on milk in their diet (like the Fulani of Western Africa, and it is believed, Khoi pastoralists of Southern Africa)."
A cynic may suggest that organisations like Bóthar are attempting to begin "an evolutionary transition to lactose tolerance" and to hell with the fact that many are lactose intolerant at the present time. Since symptoms of lactose intolerance include gas (wind), cramping, abdominal pain, nausea, bloating and diarrhoea, Colleen Patrick-Goudreau seems to be dead right: "The last thing a hungry child in Africa needs is the milk of a cow." Diarrhoea, for example, is a major problem in the "developing world." According to The World Health Organization, 3.5 million deaths a year are due to diarrhoea. 80% of such deaths occur in children under the age of five, and most occur in children between six months and three years of age.
Are these acts of "charity" nothing more than the development of another market, or just the result of homespun propaganda? After all, something as "wonderful" and generally "beneficial" as cow’s milk is something everyone should have access to – no?
And, so, do we human hating animal rights people have an alternative to this slave trade? We do, actually!, and Patrick-Goudreau writes, "I’m not suggesting we don’t help the hungry; what I’m suggesting is to do it in such a way that benefits EVERYONE and that doesn’t exploit ANYONE."
For example, she cites as "programs dedicated to providing solutions to hunger without exploiting animals," the Fruit Tree Planting Foundation, the Women’s Bean Project, Sustainable Harvest International, and notes that Animal Aid, "is supporting a tree-planting initiative in Kenya, which will provide fruit-bearing trees for local families. The aim is to help 100 families to plant 20 trees each, which will bear oranges, avocados, mangoes, and macadamia nuts, with a few additional trees for timber and firewood." We can also add Vegfam, and perhaps Trees for Life International, to that list.
If you know anyone planning to "help" humans by means of rights violations against nonhuman animals, perhaps you can tell them that there is a better way to assist the global poor.
11.11.09
Part Two of Podcast 7.
Continuing a sociological inquiry of the social dominance of animal welfarism, both in society in general, and in the animal advocacy movement.
The podcast ends with an unusual and quirky song, "The Wool to Live" by Ralph Steadman, again from the ABUSE mini-L.P.
LISTEN | MP3 | 28 mins | English
The references are the same as for Part One.
[Please note, due to a technical glitch WAY beyond my understanding, there is a silent piece (about 45 secs to a minute) just before the end song.]
The podcast ends with an unusual and quirky song, "The Wool to Live" by Ralph Steadman, again from the ABUSE mini-L.P.
LISTEN | MP3 | 28 mins | English
The references are the same as for Part One.
[Please note, due to a technical glitch WAY beyond my understanding, there is a silent piece (about 45 secs to a minute) just before the end song.]
9.11.09
Animal Welfare as the Dominant Social View of Human-Nonhuman Relations.
In this 7th On Human-Nonhuman Relations podcast, I look at how we can think sociologically about the strength of animal welfarism, both in society in general and in the animal advocacy movement.
The podcast ends with "Monkey in a Bin" by Attrition from a 1980s Artists for Animals mini-L.P., ABUSE.
LISTEN | MP3 | 51 mins | English
Part two will follow next time.
The citations for this podcast are as follows:
Animals and you (2000) London: D.C. Thompson.
Bauman, Zygmunt (1990) Thinking Sociologically. Oxford: Blackwell.
Beirne, Piers (2007) “Animal rights, animal abuse and green criminology”, in P. Beirne and N. South (eds.) Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity and Other Animals. Cullompton: Willan.
Blount, Margaret (1977) Animal Land: The Creatures of Children’s Fiction. New York: Avon.
Bowd, Alan, D. (1982) “Young children’s beliefs about animals”, Journal of Psychology, 110: 263-66.
Cosslett, Tess (2006) Talking Animals in British Children’s Fiction, 1786-1914. Aldershot: Ashgate.
DeGrazia, David (1996) Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DeGrazia, David (2002) Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duffy, Maureen (1984) Men and Beasts: An Animal Rights Handbook. London: Paladin.
Dunayer, Joan (2001) Animal Equality: Language and Liberation. Derwood, Maryland: Ryce.
Einwohner, Rachel. L. (2002) “Motivational Framing and Efficacy Maintenance: Animal rights activists’ use of four fortifying strategies, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol 43(4): 509-526.
Francione, Gary. L. (1995) Animals, Property and The Law. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Francione, Gary. L. (1996) Rain Without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Francione, Gary. L. (2000) Introduction to Animal Rights: Your Child or the Dog? Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Francione, Gary. L. (2008) Animals as Persons: Essays on the Abolition of Animal Exploitation. New York: Columbia University Press.
Franklin, Adrian (1999) Animals and Modern Culture: A Sociology of Human-Animal Relations in Modernity. London: Sage.
Garfinkel, Harold (1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Gellatley, Juliet (2000) Born to be Wild: The Livewire Guide to Saving Animals. London: Livewire/Women’s Press.
Giddens, Anthony (1976) New Rules of Sociological Method. London: Hutchinson.
Gold, Mark (1998) Animal Century: A Celebration of Changing Attitudes to Animals. Charlbury: Carpenter.
Grant, Catharine (2006) The No-Nonsense Guide to Animal Rights. Oxford: New Internationalist.
Guither, Harold. D. (1998) Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
Habermas, Jurgen (1976) Legitimation Crisis, trans. T. McCarthy, London: Heinemann.
Hall, Lee (2006) Capers in the Churchyard: Animal Rights Advocacy in the Age of Terror. Darien, Conn: Nectar Bat Press.
Hills, Alison (2005) Do Animals Have Rights? Cambridge: Icon.
I like farm animals (1998) ill. R. Morgan & A. Everitt-Stewart. London: Ladybird.
Isaacs, Susan. (1930) The Intellectual Growth of Children. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Jasper, James. M. (1999) “Recruiting intimates, recruiting strangers: Building the contemporary animal rights movement”, in J. Freeman & V. Johnson (eds.) Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
Jasper, James. M. and Dorothy Nelkin (1992) The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest. New York: The Free Press.
Kean, Hilda (1998) Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800, London: Reaktion.
Kellert, Stephen. R. and Joyce K. Berry (1985) A Bibliography of Human/Animal Relations. Lanham, MD: University Press of American.
Layder, Derek (1994) Understanding Social Theory. London: Sage.
Levinson, Boris. M. (1972) Pets and Human Development. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Levinson, Boris. M. (1978) “Pets and Personality Development”, Psychological Reports, 42: 1031-1038.
Mason, Jim (2005) An Unnatural Order: The Roots of our Destruction of Nature. New York: Lantern.
Mead, George. H. (1962) Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Melson, Gail. F. (2001) Why the Wild Things Are: Animals in the Lives of Children. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Milgram, Stanley (1974) Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. London: Tavistock.
Morpurgo, Michael. and Shoo Rayne (1994) Stories From Mudpuddle Farm. London: HarperCollins.
Paterson, David (1980) “Children’s Ideas on Animals: A Preliminary Study”, Humane Education Journal, 3, 17-19.
Paul, E.S. (1996) “The representation of animals on children’s television”, Anthrozoos, 9(4): 169-81.
Regan, Tom (1983) The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Regan, Tom (2001) Defending Animal Rights. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Robbins, John (1987) Diet for a New America. Walpole, NH: Stillpoint.
Ryder, Richard. D. (2000) Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism. Oxford: Berg.
Sapon, Stanley (1998) “To tell the truth, the whole…or perhaps a little bit less”, Paper presented at plenary session of the North American Vegetarian Society’s Summer Fest, July 10, Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http://www.vegsource.com/articles/sapon2.htm
Scruton, Roger (2000) Animal Rights and Wrongs. 3rd ed. London: Demos.
Serpell, James (1986) In the Company of Animals: A Study of Human-Animal Relationships. Oxford: Blackwell.
Siegel, Jerome. M. (1993) “Companion animals: In sickness and in health”, Journal of Social Issues, 49 (1): 157-167.
Singer, Peter (1995) Animal liberation. 2nd ed. London: Pimlico.
Sinnickson, Freda (1980) Nubbins and the Tractor: The Story of a Farm Horse. Leicester: Brown Watson.
Soares, Celilia J. (1985) “The Companion Animal in the Context of the Family System”, Marriage and Family Review, 8: 49-62.
Torres, Bob (2007) Making a Killing: The Political Economy of Animal Rights. Edinburgh: AK Press.
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1984) Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Wrong, Dennis (1961) ‘The Oversocialised Conception of Man in Modern Sociology’, American Sociological Review, 26: 183-93.
Yates, Roger (1997) A Sociology of Compromise. Unpublished MA dissertation. University of Wales, Bangor.
Yates, Roger (2005) “The Social Construction of Human Beings and Other Animals in Human-Nonhuman Relations: A Sociological Analysis”, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Wales, Bangor.
Yates, Roger (2007) “Debating ‘Animal Rights’ Online: The Movement-Countermovement Dialectic Revisited”, in P. Beirne and N. South (eds.) Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms Against Environments, Humanity and Other Animals. Cullompton: Willan.
Yates, Roger. Chris Powell and Piers Beirne (2001) “Horse Maiming in the English Countryside: Moral Panic, Human Deviance, and the Social Construction of Victimhood”, Society and Animals, 9(1): 1-24.
The podcast ends with "Monkey in a Bin" by Attrition from a 1980s Artists for Animals mini-L.P., ABUSE.
LISTEN | MP3 | 51 mins | English
Part two will follow next time.
The citations for this podcast are as follows:
Animals and you (2000) London: D.C. Thompson.
Bauman, Zygmunt (1990) Thinking Sociologically. Oxford: Blackwell.
Beirne, Piers (2007) “Animal rights, animal abuse and green criminology”, in P. Beirne and N. South (eds.) Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity and Other Animals. Cullompton: Willan.
Blount, Margaret (1977) Animal Land: The Creatures of Children’s Fiction. New York: Avon.
Bowd, Alan, D. (1982) “Young children’s beliefs about animals”, Journal of Psychology, 110: 263-66.
Cosslett, Tess (2006) Talking Animals in British Children’s Fiction, 1786-1914. Aldershot: Ashgate.
DeGrazia, David (1996) Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DeGrazia, David (2002) Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duffy, Maureen (1984) Men and Beasts: An Animal Rights Handbook. London: Paladin.
Dunayer, Joan (2001) Animal Equality: Language and Liberation. Derwood, Maryland: Ryce.
Einwohner, Rachel. L. (2002) “Motivational Framing and Efficacy Maintenance: Animal rights activists’ use of four fortifying strategies, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol 43(4): 509-526.
Francione, Gary. L. (1995) Animals, Property and The Law. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Francione, Gary. L. (1996) Rain Without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Francione, Gary. L. (2000) Introduction to Animal Rights: Your Child or the Dog? Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Francione, Gary. L. (2008) Animals as Persons: Essays on the Abolition of Animal Exploitation. New York: Columbia University Press.
Franklin, Adrian (1999) Animals and Modern Culture: A Sociology of Human-Animal Relations in Modernity. London: Sage.
Garfinkel, Harold (1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Gellatley, Juliet (2000) Born to be Wild: The Livewire Guide to Saving Animals. London: Livewire/Women’s Press.
Giddens, Anthony (1976) New Rules of Sociological Method. London: Hutchinson.
Gold, Mark (1998) Animal Century: A Celebration of Changing Attitudes to Animals. Charlbury: Carpenter.
Grant, Catharine (2006) The No-Nonsense Guide to Animal Rights. Oxford: New Internationalist.
Guither, Harold. D. (1998) Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
Habermas, Jurgen (1976) Legitimation Crisis, trans. T. McCarthy, London: Heinemann.
Hall, Lee (2006) Capers in the Churchyard: Animal Rights Advocacy in the Age of Terror. Darien, Conn: Nectar Bat Press.
Hills, Alison (2005) Do Animals Have Rights? Cambridge: Icon.
I like farm animals (1998) ill. R. Morgan & A. Everitt-Stewart. London: Ladybird.
Isaacs, Susan. (1930) The Intellectual Growth of Children. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Jasper, James. M. (1999) “Recruiting intimates, recruiting strangers: Building the contemporary animal rights movement”, in J. Freeman & V. Johnson (eds.) Waves of Protest: Social Movements since the Sixties. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
Jasper, James. M. and Dorothy Nelkin (1992) The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest. New York: The Free Press.
Kean, Hilda (1998) Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800, London: Reaktion.
Kellert, Stephen. R. and Joyce K. Berry (1985) A Bibliography of Human/Animal Relations. Lanham, MD: University Press of American.
Layder, Derek (1994) Understanding Social Theory. London: Sage.
Levinson, Boris. M. (1972) Pets and Human Development. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Levinson, Boris. M. (1978) “Pets and Personality Development”, Psychological Reports, 42: 1031-1038.
Mason, Jim (2005) An Unnatural Order: The Roots of our Destruction of Nature. New York: Lantern.
Mead, George. H. (1962) Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Melson, Gail. F. (2001) Why the Wild Things Are: Animals in the Lives of Children. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Milgram, Stanley (1974) Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. London: Tavistock.
Morpurgo, Michael. and Shoo Rayne (1994) Stories From Mudpuddle Farm. London: HarperCollins.
Paterson, David (1980) “Children’s Ideas on Animals: A Preliminary Study”, Humane Education Journal, 3, 17-19.
Paul, E.S. (1996) “The representation of animals on children’s television”, Anthrozoos, 9(4): 169-81.
Regan, Tom (1983) The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Regan, Tom (2001) Defending Animal Rights. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Robbins, John (1987) Diet for a New America. Walpole, NH: Stillpoint.
Ryder, Richard. D. (2000) Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism. Oxford: Berg.
Sapon, Stanley (1998) “To tell the truth, the whole…or perhaps a little bit less”, Paper presented at plenary session of the North American Vegetarian Society’s Summer Fest, July 10, Retrieved August 24, 2008, from http://www.vegsource.com/articles/sapon2.htm
Scruton, Roger (2000) Animal Rights and Wrongs. 3rd ed. London: Demos.
Serpell, James (1986) In the Company of Animals: A Study of Human-Animal Relationships. Oxford: Blackwell.
Siegel, Jerome. M. (1993) “Companion animals: In sickness and in health”, Journal of Social Issues, 49 (1): 157-167.
Singer, Peter (1995) Animal liberation. 2nd ed. London: Pimlico.
Sinnickson, Freda (1980) Nubbins and the Tractor: The Story of a Farm Horse. Leicester: Brown Watson.
Soares, Celilia J. (1985) “The Companion Animal in the Context of the Family System”, Marriage and Family Review, 8: 49-62.
Torres, Bob (2007) Making a Killing: The Political Economy of Animal Rights. Edinburgh: AK Press.
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1984) Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Wrong, Dennis (1961) ‘The Oversocialised Conception of Man in Modern Sociology’, American Sociological Review, 26: 183-93.
Yates, Roger (1997) A Sociology of Compromise. Unpublished MA dissertation. University of Wales, Bangor.
Yates, Roger (2005) “The Social Construction of Human Beings and Other Animals in Human-Nonhuman Relations: A Sociological Analysis”, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Wales, Bangor.
Yates, Roger (2007) “Debating ‘Animal Rights’ Online: The Movement-Countermovement Dialectic Revisited”, in P. Beirne and N. South (eds.) Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms Against Environments, Humanity and Other Animals. Cullompton: Willan.
Yates, Roger. Chris Powell and Piers Beirne (2001) “Horse Maiming in the English Countryside: Moral Panic, Human Deviance, and the Social Construction of Victimhood”, Society and Animals, 9(1): 1-24.
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